Gain patterns
ITU and ETSI Gain Patterns
The gain patterns in Visualyse Interplanetary come from a number of sources including:
Source | Pattern(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|
ITU-R Radio Regulations Appendix 7: | App 7 Earth Station App 7 Fixed Service | Useful for coordination analysis between satellite earth stations and terrestrial fixed service stations |
ITU-R Radio Regulations Appendix 30: Provisions for all services and associated Plans and List for the broadcasting-satellite service in the frequency bands 11.7-12.2 GHz (in Region 3), 11.7-12.5 GHz (in Region 1) and 12.2-12.7 GHz (in Region 2) | App 30 Earth Rx Reg 1 & 3 Comm App 30 Earth Rx Reg 1 & 3 Ind App 30 Earth Rx Reg 1 & 3 WRC-97 App 30 Earth Rx Reg 2 App 30 Satellite Tx Reg 1 & 3 App 30 Satellite Tx Reg 1 & 3 FR App 30 Satellite Tx Reg 2 App 30 Satellite Tx Reg 2 FR App 30 Space App 30 Space Fast roll-off | Useful for studies of GSO satellite networks in the BSS plans FR = Fast Rolloff Comm = Commercial Ind = Industry Reg = Region |
ITU-R Radio Regulations Appendix 30A: Provisions and associated Plans and List for feeder links for the broadcasting-satellite service (11.7-12.5 GHz in Region 1, 12.2-12.7 GHz in Region 2 and 11.7-12.2 GHz in Region 3) in the frequency bands 14.5-14.8 GHz2 and 17.3-18.1 GHz in Regions 1 and 3, and 17.3-17.8 GHz in Region 2 | App 30A Satellite Rx Reg 1 & 3 App 30A Satellite Rx Reg 1 & 3 FR App 30A Satellite Rx Reg 2 App 30A Satellite Rx Reg 2 FR | Useful for studies of feeder links for BSS GSO satellite networks FR = Fast Rolloff Reg = Region |
ITU-R Radio Regulations Appendix 30B: Provisions and associated Plan for the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands 4 500-4 800 MHz, 6 725-7 025 MHz, 10.70-10.95 GHz, 11.20-11.45 GHz and 12.75-13.25 GHz | App 30B Earth Station A App 30B Earth Station B App 30B Space Station App 30B Space Station FR | Useful for studies of GSO satellite networks in the FSS plans FR = Fast Rolloff |
ETSI ETS 300 157: Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);Receive-only Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs) operating in the 11/12 GHz frequency bands | ETS 300-157 Rx | VSAT style satellite earth stations operating in RX mode |
ETSI ETS 300 158 Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);Television Receive Only (TVRO-FSS) Satellite Earth Stations operating in the 11/12 GHz FSS bands | ETS 300-158 Rx | TVRO style satellite earth stations |
ETSI ETS 300 159 Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);Transmit-only or transmit-and-receive Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs) used for communications operating in the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) 11/12/14 GHz frequency bands | ETS 300-159 Rx ETS 300-159 Tx Spec 1 ETS 300-159 Tx Spec 2 | VSAT style satellite earth stations operating in TX or TX/RX modes |
ETSI ETS 300 327 Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);Satellite News Gathering (SNG) Transportable Earth Stations (TES) (13-14/11-12 GHz) | ETS 300-327 Rx ETS 300-327 Tx | SNG/TES TX or RX satellite earth stations |
ETSI ETS 300 332 Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);Transmit-only or transmit-and-receive Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs) used for communications operating in the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) 6 GHz and 4 GHz frequency bands | ETS 300-332 Rx ETS 300-332 Tx | VSATs style satellite earth stations operating in C band |
ETSI ETS 300 333 Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);Receive-only Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs) operating in the 4 GHz frequency band | ETS 300-333 Rx | RX only VSATs operating in C band |
Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443: Reference BSS earth station antenna patterns for use in interference assessment involving non-GSO satellites in frequency bands covered by RR Appendix 30 | ITU-R BO.1443-1 ITU-R BO.1443-3 | Analysis of EPFD from non-GSO networks into BSS GSO satellite earth stations |
Recommendation ITU-R F.1245: Mathematical model of average radiation patterns for line-of-sight point-to-point radio-relay system antennas for use in certain coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from 1 to about 70 GHz | ITU-R F.1245 ITU-R F.1245-1 ITU-R F.1245-1 Annex 1 ITU-R F.1245-2 ITU-R F.1245-2 Annex 1 ITU-R F.1245-3 ITU-R F.1245-3 Annex 1 | For point to point FS links when aggregating interference from large numbers of transmitters |
Recommendation ITU-R F.1336: Reference radiation patterns of omnidirectional, sectoral and other antennas in point-to-multipoint systems for use in sharing studies in the frequency range from 1 to about 70 GHz | ITU-R F.1336 (2.1.1) ITU-R F.1336 (2.1.2) ITU-R F.1336 (2.2) ITU-R F.1336 (4, NOTE 4) ITU-R F.1336-1 (k=0) ITU-R F.1336-1 (k=0.1) ITU-R F.1336-1 (k=0.2) ITU-R F.1336-1 (k=0.7) ITU-R F.1336-2 (2.1) [k=0] ITU-R F.1336-2 (2.1) [k=0.1] ITU-R F.1336-2 (2.1) [k=0.2] ITU-R F.1336-2 (2.1) [k=0.7] ITU-R F.1336-2 (2.2) [k=0] ITU-R F.1336-2 (2.2) [k=0.1] ITU-R F.1336-2 (2.2) [k=0.2] ITU-R F.1336-2 (2.2) [k=0.7] ITU-R F.1336-5 Rec 2.1 ITU-R F.1336-5 Rec 2.2 ITU-R F.1336-5 Rec 3.1.1 ITU-R F.1336-5 Rec 3.1.2 ITU-R F.1336-5 Rec 3.2 ITU-R F.1336-5 Rec 4 ITU-R F.1336-5 Annex 4 | For point to multi-point fixed or mobile base stations. Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 model azimuth symmetric patterns using patterns that are symmetric around the boresight, so should be orientated by setting antenna elevation = 90 degrees. Patterns with defined k value are for sectors with fixed beamwidth of 120° and are not elevation dependent |
Recommendation ITU-R F.699: Reference radiation patterns for fixed wireless system antennas for use in coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from 100 MHz to about 70 GHz | ITU-R F.699-2 ITU-R F.699-2R ITU-R F.699-3 ITU-R F.699-3R ITU-R F.699-5 ITU-R F.699-6 ITU-R F.699-7 ITU-R F.699-8 | For point to point FS links. The “R” versions had reduced side-lobe. Has been used for other scenarios – e.g. to model symmetric radar antennas |
Recommendation ITU-R S.580: Radiation diagrams for use as design objectives for antennas of earth stations operating with geostationary satellites | ITU-R Rec. S.580-6 ITU-R S.580-6 (APL) | For satellite earth stations – slightly better than pattern in Rec. S.465 as assumes 29-25log(phi) rolloff |
Recommendation ITU-R S.465: Reference earth-station radiation pattern for use in coordination and interference assessment in the frequency range from 2 to about 30 GHz | ITU-R S.465-5 ITU-R S.465-5 prior to 1993 ITU-R S.465-5 (APL) ITU-R S.465-6 Rx ITU-R S.465-6 Tx | For satellite earth stations – slightly worse than pattern in Rec. S.580 as assumes 32-25log(phi) rolloff |
Recommendation ITU-R S.672: Satellite antenna radiation pattern for use as a design objective in the fixed satellite service employing geostationary satellites | ITU-R S.672-3 Annex 1 Ls = -10 ITU-R S.672-3 Annex 1 Ls = -20 ITU-R S.672-3 Annex 1 Ls = -25 ITU-R S.672-3 Annex 1 Ls = -30 ITU-R S.672-3 Ln = -20 ITU-R S.672-3 Ln = -25 ITU-R S.672-3 Ln = -30 ITU-R S.672-4 Annex 1 Ls = -10 ITU-R S.672-4 Annex 1 Ls = -20 ITU-R S.672-4 Annex 1 Ls = -25 ITU-R S.672-4 Annex 1 Ls = -30 ITU-R S.672-4 Ln = -20 ITU-R S.672-4 Ln = -25 | Generally useful for satellites with symmetric gain patterns A range of side-lobes are given: note the Ls = -10 relates to patterns defined in Article 22.2 of the Radio Regulations |
Recommendation ITU-R S. 1328: Satellite system characteristics to be considered in frequency sharing analyses within the fixed-satellite service | ITU-R S.1328 USAKUL1 | Defines the gain pattern for SkyBridge. Should be used with electronically steered beams with footprint size of 450 km |
Recommendation ITU-R S.1428: Reference FSS earth-station radiation patterns for use in interference assessment involving non-GSO satellites in frequency bands between 10.7 GHz and 30 GHz | ITU-R S.1428 ITU-R S.1428-1 | Analysis of EPFD from non-GSO networks into FSS GSO satellite earth stations |
Recommendation ITU-R S. 1528: Satellite antenna radiation patterns for non-geostationary orbit satellite antennas operating in the fixed-satellite service below 30 GHz | ITU-R S. 1528: LN = -15 ITU-R S. 1528: LN = -20 ITU-R S. 1528: LN = -25 ITU-R S. 1528: LN = -30 | Similar to Rec. ITU-R S.672 but for non-GSO satellites. Includes elliptical beam terms |
Recommendation ITU-R RS.1813: Reference antenna pattern for passive sensors operating in the Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) to be used in compatibility analyses in the frequency range 1.4-100 GHz | ITU-R RS.1813 (Recommends 1) ITU-R RS.1813 (Recommends 2) | Analysis of interference into Earth exploration-satellite’s passive sensors |
ITU-R Radio Regulations Resolution 221: Use of high altitude platform stations providing IMT in the bands 1 885-1 980 MHz, 2 010-2 025 MHz and 2 110-2 170 MHz in Regions 1 and 3 and 1 885-1 980 MHz and 2 110-2 160 MHz in Region 2 | Resolution 221: LN = -25 Resolution 221: LN = -26 Resolution 221: LN = -28 Resolution 221: LN = -30 Resolution 221: LN = -32 | Analysis sharing between high altitude platform stations (HAPS) and other radio systems |
Recommendation ITU-R F.1891: “Technical and operational characteristics of gateway links in the fixed service using high altitude platform stations in the band 5 850-7 075 MHz to be used in sharing studies” | ITU-R F.1891: LN = -25 | Analysis sharing between high altitude platform stations (HAPS) and other radio systems |
Recommendation ITU-R M.2101: “Modelling and simulation of IMT networks and systems for use in sharing and compatibility studies” using parameters from document 5D/TEMP/265R3 Options for the non-co-frequency gain pattern are discussed in Annex 1 to Document 5-1/287-E | IMT-MODEL BS Indoor IMT-MODEL BS Suburban IMT-MODEL BS Urban Outdoor IMT-MODEL UE Indoor IMT-MODEL UE Suburban IMT-MODEL UE Urban Outdoor | Sharing scenarios involving IMT-2020 / 5G systems See notes below on use of this gain pattern |
Annex 15 to Document 5A/650-E: PDNR ITU-R M.[MS-RXCHAR-28] Receiver characteristics and protection criteria for systems (excluding IMT) in the mobile service in the frequency range 27.5-29.5 GHz for use in sharing and compatibility studies with earth stations in motion operating in geostationary FSS networks and with applications under the fixed service Options for the non-co-frequency gain pattern are discussed in Annex 1 to Document 5-1/287-E | IMT-MODEL 28 GHz BS IMT-MODEL 28 GHz UE A IMT-MODEL 28 GHz UE B | Sharing scenarios involving IMT-2020 / 5G systems See notes below on use of this gain pattern |
Recommendation ITU-R M.1851 "Mathematical models for radiodetermination radar systems antenna patterns for use in interference analyses” | ITU-R M.1851 (COS Average) ITU-R M.1851 (COS Peak) ITU-R M.1851 (COS) ITU-R M.1851 (COS2 Average) ITU-R M.1851 (COS2 Peak) ITU-R M.1851 (COS2) ITU-R M.1851 (COS3 Average) ITU-R M.1851 (COS3 Peak) ITU-R M.1851 (COS3) ITU-R M.1851 (SIN Average) ITU-R M.1851 (SIN Peak) ITU-R M.1851 (SIN) | For sharing scenarios involving radar systems with pencil beams. See Tables 2, 3 and 5 in Annex 1 of Rec. M.1851 for definition of these patterns |
Recommendation ITU-R M.2101: “Modelling and simulation of IMT networks and systems for use in sharing and compatibility studies” | ITU-R M.2101 | Sharing scenarios involving IMT-2020 / 5G systems |
Table 1: References for ITU-R and ETSI Visualyse Interplanetary Gain Patterns
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Some patterns are not defined for the full range of offaxis angles. For example ITU-R Rec.S.465 does not define the pattern for offaxis angles less than 1°: in this case it is assumed to be parabolic until reaching the first side-lobe, i.e.
Variations for Recommendation S.465 and S.580 gain patterns extend the pattern using the methodology in the ITU’s Antenna Pattern Library (APL).
Note on the IMT-MODEL Gain Patterns
In order to activate the beamforming of these gain patterns, the antenna type, station and link options should be:
- Antenna type: ensure “Electronically steerable” is checked
- Station antenna pointing:
- For the BS: set fixed pointing angles
- For the UEs: point at another station (the BS) using random offsets of azimuth = {-60, +60}, elevation = {-90, +90}
- Link: either a Fixed or Dynamic link from the BS to the UE (or vice versa) to activate the antenna pointing. Note that a transmit or receive link cannot be used
The BS antenna azimuth could also be defined via the Monte Carlo service area Define Variable.
The parameters used to configure this gain pattern take account of the frequency, typically defined in the link.
Note on the IMT-MODEL Non-Co-Frequency Gain Pattern
For antenna types defined by the IMT-MODEL patterns, there are options to select how the gain pattern changes for non-co-frequency interference paths.
The following options are available from the Advanced Beam Options dialog:
- Use co-frequency pattern: the M.2101 pattern is used with D/lambda = 0.5 for both co-frequency and non-co-frequency scenarios
- Single element pattern: the M.2101 single element pattern is used if the victim centre frequency is non-co-frequency
- Assume D/lambda = 0.46: in the M.2101 gain pattern a D/lambda of 0.46 is used rather than 0.5
- Variable D/lambda: it is assumed that at the centre frequency supplied the D/lambda = 0.5, and so for other frequencies the D is derived and fixed but the lambda varies depending upon the victim frequency
The definition of what constitutes “co-frequency” and what “non-co-frequency” for the IMT-MODEL gain pattern is set via:
- Centre Frequency: this is the centre frequency that the IMT-MODEL antenna has been tuned to
- Co-Frequency Bandwidth: this is the total bandwidth that is defined as being co-frequency in range:
- Minimum = CentreFrequency – CoFrequencyBandwidth./2
- Maximum = CentreFrequency + CoFrequencyBandwidth./2
Outside this frequency range the interference path is assumed to be non-co-frequency.
To activate these non-co-frequency gain patterns it is necessary to set the Interference Path option:
- Calculate Interfering Signal using Victim Frequency = true
This will use the victim centre frequency when calculating the interfering signal and hence allow the antenna type to identify if the path is co-frequency (to the IMT-MODEL antenna) or non-co-frequency. It will not affect other calculations, in particular the mask integration adjustment or NFD.
Additional Gain Patterns
Other useful gain patterns are:
- Bessel
- Capped Bessel
- GPS L1
- GPS L2
- GPS User
- Linear with angle
- Omni directional
- Parabolic rolloff
- Sine(x)/x
These are specified in the sections below.
Bessel
This is the theoretical model for antenna performance, and is given below.
If:
Then:
Capped Bessel
The capped Bessel follows the Bessel for the main beam, and then for the side-lobes it connects the peaks.
GPS L1
The following pattern is used:
Then:
Note this assumes that the peak gain is set to .
GPS L2
The following pattern is used:
Then:
Note this assumes that the peak gain is set to .
GPS User
The following pattern is used from ITU-R document 8D/142 from October 1998:
Then:
Note this assumes that the peak gain is set to .
Linear
This algorithm is used so that the offaxis angle can be determined from the offaxis gain. The equation is:
Omni Directional
This gives the same value in all directions and is hence essentially isotropic. The peak gain is set by default to 0 dB, but can be any user entered value.
Parabolic
This pattern is parabolic with floor defined. The equation is:
The is input by the user. A typical value is .
Sin(x)/x
The calculation is the same as the Bessel Function, but replacing the call to Bessel by sin.
Archived Gain Patterns
The following gain patterns are included in Visualyse Interplanetary for reasons of backward compatibility:
- Appendix 29 Earth Station
- Analytic ES
- Analytic NGSO
- Cosine
- FSATMULTI_1A Earth Station
- FSATMULTI_1A Type A
- NGSO FSS RX
- NGSO FSS TX
- SMATV
- Sine
- SkyBridge RX Type A
- SkyBridge TX Type A
- TVRO
- Teledesic 2 - RX
- Teledesic 2 - RX fixed BW
- Teledesic 2 - TX
- Teledesic 2 - TX fixed BW
- Teledesic Type A
- Teledesic Type B
- Teledesic Type C
More information is available on request.